Hydrocarbons
Structure of carbon and its valency
Hydrocarbon
Examples of hydrocarbons and their structure
Isomerism and examples.
Homologous series as it relates to the physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons
Distinguishing between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon
Electrolysis (i)
Explaining the quantitative aspects of electrolysis
-Defining electrolytes (strong, weak, fused/molten, non-electrolytes), electrolytic and electrochemical cells
-Differentiating between strong and weak electrolytes
-Illustrating the electrolysis of acidified water, copper II sulphates and brines;
-Identifying factors affecting the discharge of ions during Electrolysis
-Construction of electrolytic and electrochemical cells
-Faraday’s laws of Electrolysis
-Calculating the amount of substances liberated or deposited at electrodes during electrolysis
-The uses of electrolysis in the extraction and purification of metals
Electrolysis (i)
Explaining the quantitative aspects of electrolysis
-Defining electrolytes (strong, weak, fused/molten, non-electrolytes), electrolytic and electrochemical cells
-Differentiating between strong and weak electrolytes
-Illustrating the electrolysis of acidified water, copper II sulphates and brines;
-Identifying factors affecting the discharge of ions during Electrolysis
-Construction of electrolytic and electrochemical cells
-Faraday’s laws of Electrolysis
-Calculating the amount of substances liberated or deposited at electrodes during electrolysis
-The uses of electrolysis in the extraction and purification of metals
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Defining of oxidation as the addition of oxygen removal of hydrogen;
Process of electron loss
Process of increase of oxidation number of a substance
Define reduction as the reverse of any of the above processes.
Calculating oxidation numbers of elements using a set of arbitrary rules:
(a) oxidation number of free elements = 0
(b) oxidation number of oxygen in any compound is except in peroxides where it is – 1
(c) oxidation number of H is + 1, except in hydrides where it is – 1
(d) the oxidation number of a neutral molecule or compound is zero e.g. H2SO4 =0 etc.
Use oxidation numbers to name inorganic compounds, to include the number of oxygen atom and water
molecules (if hydrated) determine the oxidation states number of common elements in their compounds
Defining of oxidizing and reducing agents in terms of addition and removal of oxygen and hydrogen respectively loss and gain of electrons change in oxidation numbers/states
Writing and balancing redox equations.
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Defining of oxidation as the addition of oxygen removal of hydrogen;
Process of electron loss
Process of increase of oxidation number of a substance
Define reduction as the reverse of any of the above processes.
Calculating oxidation numbers of elements using a set of arbitrary rules:
(a) oxidation number of free elements = 0
(b) oxidation number of oxygen in any compound is except in peroxides where it is – 1
(c) oxidation number of H is + 1, except in hydrides where it is – 1
(d) the oxidation number of a neutral molecule or compound is zero e.g. H2SO4 =0 etc.
Use oxidation numbers to name inorganic compounds, to include the number of oxygen atom and water
molecules (if hydrated) determine the oxidation states number of common elements in their compounds
Defining of oxidizing and reducing agents in terms of addition and removal of oxygen and hydrogen respectively loss and gain of electrons change in oxidation numbers/states
Writing and balancing redox equations.
Mass, Volume Relationships: Stoichiometry
– Explain the concept of the mole, molar, s.t.p.; Relative densities and relative molar mass (RMM)
-Solve problems involving reacting masses and volumes in chemical reactions.
-State the SI units of various basic quantities.
Mass, Volume Relationships: Stoichiometry
– Explain the concept of the mole, molar, s.t.p.; Relative densities and relative molar mass (RMM)
-Solve problems involving reacting masses and volumes in chemical reactions.
-State the SI units of various basic quantities.
Chemical Reactions
Identifying reactants and products of any chemical reaction
Explaining the terms reaction time and reaction rate; and the relationship between the two.
Explaining collision theory with respect to reaction time and reaction rate
Describing the influence of the following on chemical reaction rates:
– nature of substances;
– concentration/pressure,
– temperature and catalysts
Endothermic and exothermic reactions
Equations for simple equilibrium reaction
Le Chateller’s principle
Influence of the following factors on the equilibrium of chemical reactions:
– Concentration
– Temperature
– Pressure
Chemical Reactions
Identifying reactants and products of any chemical reaction
Explaining the terms reaction time and reaction rate; and the relationship between the two.
Explaining collision theory with respect to reaction time and reaction rate
Describing the influence of the following on chemical reaction rates:
– nature of substances;
– concentration/pressure,
– temperature and catalysts
Endothermic and exothermic reactions
Equations for simple equilibrium reaction
Le Chateller’s principle
Influence of the following factors on the equilibrium of chemical reactions:
– Concentration
– Temperature
– Pressure
Periodic Table(i)
-The periodic law
-Arrangement of common elements into groups (families) and periods
-Distinguishing between the families of elements on the periodic table
-The changes in the properties of elements down the group and across periods
-The relationship between ionization energy and electron affinity and the properties of elements down the groups and across periods
-The diagonal relationship in the properties of elements
Periodic Table(i)
-The periodic law
-Arrangement of common elements into groups (families) and periods
-Distinguishing between the families of elements on the periodic table
-The changes in the properties of elements down the group and across periods
-The relationship between ionization energy and electron affinity and the properties of elements down the groups and across periods
-The diagonal relationship in the properties of elements
Oxygen
Properties of oxygen group in the periodic table
Electronic structure of oxygen and its bonding capacity
The laboratory and industrial methods for the preparation of oxygen
The physicals and chemical properties of oxygen
The compounds of oxygen
Oxidation as addition of oxygen and give examples of such reactions
The uses of oxygen
Hydrogen
The electron configuration of hydrogen
The isotopes of hydrogen and draw their electron configuration
The unique position of hydrogen in the periodic table
The laboratory and industrial methods for the preparation of hydrogen
The physical and chemical properties of hydrogen
The uses of hydrogen
Water
Draw and explain the structure of water
Define the following concepts: solute, solvent solution
Define solubility and, state the rules of solubility in water
Explain factors that affect solubility
Explain the causes of hardness of water
Explain the methods employed in the removal of hardness
Explain methods used in purifying water
Probability
Define and explain some important terms used in probability.
Give practical examples of each term.
List the chance instruments used in probability.
Explain the frequencies approach to theoretical probabilities.
Describe with examples, the equiprobable sample space.
Solve sample examples in equiprobable simple space.
Solve simple problems on probability.
Identify and solve various practical problems on probability involve in: health, finance, population.
Probability
Define and explain some important terms used in probability.
Give practical examples of each term.
List the chance instruments used in probability.
Explain the frequencies approach to theoretical probabilities.
Describe with examples, the equiprobable sample space.
Solve sample examples in equiprobable simple space.
Solve simple problems on probability.
Identify and solve various practical problems on probability involve in: health, finance, population.
Measures of central tendency for grouped data
Determine the mean, median and mode of grouped data.
Trigonometry
Derive the sine rule.
Apply the sine rule
Derive the cosine rule
Linear Inequalities
Solve inequalities in one variables
Solve problems on inequalities in two variables
Draw graph of linear inequalities in two variables
Obtain the required region that satisfies the simultaneous linear inequalities.
Deduce the maximum and minimum values.
Solve word problems on linear inequalities.
Combine two inequalities to form a component inequality.
Solve and graph compound inequalities
Logical Reasoning (Revision)
Give the meaning of simple and compound statements.
List the five logical operations and their symbols.
Write the truth values of a compound statement and involving any of the five logical operations.
Use truth table to prove that
(a) A contra-positive is equivalent to the conditional statements.
(b) A converse is equivalent to an inverse of a conditional statement.
Apply contra positive and inverse in proving theories.
Determine the gradient of a curve at a given point by reading the graph.