Light waves
Students should be able to list some light sources they come across in everyday life.
Determine the angle of reflection for a given angle of incidence.
Draw ray diagrams to show the formation of images by plane and curved mirrors;
Explain some practical applications of plane and curved mirrors.
Explain how the direction of light changes as it travels from one medium into the other.
Measure angles of incidence and refraction and: hence deduce a value for the refractive index of a given materal.
Explain the meaning of critical angle and total internal reflection stating the conditions under which they occur.
Establish the relationship between critical angle and refractive index, and apply it to the solution of simple problems.
Trace light lays through a trianguiar prisrr, and obtain graphically the value of the an;is: of minimum deviation.
Obtain the spectrum of white light.
Describe the spectra if scler enerov received by earth.
Obtain irnages due to light rays through converging and diverging lenses using: ray tracks ray tracing
method.
Use the lens formular to solve nurnencai problems on lenses.
Light waves
Students should be able to list some light sources they come across in everyday life.
Determine the angle of reflection for a given angle of incidence.
Draw ray diagrams to show the formation of images by plane and curved mirrors;
Explain some practical applications of plane and curved mirrors.
Explain how the direction of light changes as it travels from one medium into the other.
Measure angles of incidence and refraction and: hence deduce a value for the refractive index of a given materal.
Explain the meaning of critical angle and total internal reflection stating the conditions under which they occur.
Establish the relationship between critical angle and refractive index, and apply it to the solution of simple problems.
Trace light lays through a trianguiar prisrr, and obtain graphically the value of the an;is: of minimum deviation.
Obtain the spectrum of white light.
Describe the spectra if scler enerov received by earth.
Obtain irnages due to light rays through converging and diverging lenses using: ray tracks ray tracing
method.
Use the lens formular to solve nurnencai problems on lenses.
Introduction to Waves
Students Should be able to:
Classifying waves into longitudinal and transverse waves by:
– Using the mode of vibration
– The direction of propagation.
The terms in the wave equation
Gas Laws
Students should be able:
To explain, using the ideas of the kinetic theory of gases. the variation of volume with temperature of a gas when the pressure is kept constant.
The variation of pressure with volume of a gas when temperature is kept constant.
Explain Charles’ and Boyle’s laws of gases.
Deduce the general gas law from a given mass of gas which obeys Charles’ law.
Solve simple problems involving the gas laws.
Identify and use instruments for measuring pressure.
Heat Energy Measurements.
Student should be able to:
Explain the relationship between the heat supplied to a substance and
(a) its temperature change at constant mass.
(b) It’s mass at constant temperature change.
Explain why there is unequal rise in temperature for different substances of the same mass supplied with the same quantity of heat.
Explain the terms, specific heat capacity and thermal capacity.
Calculate unknown quantities using the relation H = f\1C T when no chan~ of state is involved.
Determine the melting point of a solid and boiling point of a given iiquid.
List the effects of impurities and pressure on the melting point of solid and boilding point of liquid.
Solve simple problems involving latent heat
Distinguish between evaporation and boiling and explain sublimation
Explain the working principles of such common devices as :refrigerator,air conditioner,pressure cooker.
Explain the effects of humidity on personal comfort.
Heat Energy : Temperature and it’s measurement(i)
Students should be able to:
Construct a device for measuring the temperature of a body.
Use the variation of:
(a) pressure of a gas with temperature;
(b) the expansion of solid, liquid or gas with temperature;
(c) electrical resistance of a material to measure the temperature of a body
Distinguish between heat and temperature and between temperature point and temperature intervals.
Select those liquids which are suitable for use in liquid-in-glass thermometers from a glass from a given list of liquids and their properties.
State the instrument used for measuring temperature explain the device
For measuring the temperature of an environment
Describe the absolute scale of temperature and explain the.
Meaning of the absolute zero of temperature.
Convert a given temperature on the Celsius scale to a temperature on the Kelvin scale.
Describe the kinetic molecular model of temperature.
Simple harmonic motion.
Students should be able to:
Define simple harmonic motion.
Show the relationship between Linear and angular speed Linear acceleration and angular acceleration.
Show the relationship between period and frequency.
Calculate the energy in the system.
Explain forced vibration and resonance.
Projectile
Students should be able to:
Identify a projectile motion
Derive the range, maximum height and time of flight.
Equilibrium of forces.
Students should be able to:
Distinguish between resultant and equilibrant forces.
Explain the concept of equilibrium and distinguish between static and dynamic equilibrium.
Explain the conditions that must be satisfied if an object is to be kept in equilibrium by the action of non parallel forces.
Explain what is meant by the moment of a force about a point.
Explain what, is meant by the centre- of gravity of a body and identify its position for some regular uniform bodies.
Name and identify three types of equilibrium with respect to the stability of an object
Explain the effect of centre of gravity on the stability of a body.
Identify the forces acting on a body completely immersed in a liquid and establish the condition for the body to float on the liquid.
Equilibrium of forces.
Students should be able to:
Distinguish between resultant and equilibrant forces.
Explain the concept of equilibrium and distinguish between static and dynamic equilibrium.
Explain the conditions that must be satisfied if an object is to be kept in equilibrium by the action of non parallel forces.
Explain what is meant by the moment of a force about a point.
Explain what, is meant by the centre- of gravity of a body and identify its position for some regular uniform bodies.
Name and identify three types of equilibrium with respect to the stability of an object
Explain the effect of centre of gravity on the stability of a body.
Identify the forces acting on a body completely immersed in a liquid and establish the condition for the body to float on the liquid.
Speed, velocity and Acceleration: Motion
Students should be able to: Show that speed is a scalar; quantity while velocity and acceleration are vectors.
Calculate resultant using simple examples of motion of objects with one or two changes in direction
Show that speed is a scalar; quantity while velocity and acceleration are vectors.
Calculate resultant using simple examples of motion of objects with one or two changes in direction
Show on a (v-t) graph the motion of a body with:
Uniform velocity,
Uniform acceleration,
Variable acceleration/ instantaneous velocity
Deduce the distance covered between any time intervals on the graph in (3) above.
Vectors
Students should be able to:
Explain the meaning of the resultant of vectors.
Resolve a vector with a given direction
Resolve any – number of vectors into two components a right angles to each other.
Alkanols
Relating the structure of alkanes to that of alkanols
Identify -OH as the functional group in alkanols
The polar nature of alcohols and its effect on the solubility substances.
Determining the solubility of common materials in water and alcohols.
Identifying di, tri and polyhydroxy compounds by their structures and name them appropriately
Hydrocarbons
Structure of carbon and its valency
Hydrocarbon
Examples of hydrocarbons and their structure
Isomerism and examples.
Homologous series as it relates to the physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons
Distinguishing between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbons
Structure of carbon and its valency
Hydrocarbon
Examples of hydrocarbons and their structure
Isomerism and examples.
Homologous series as it relates to the physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons
Distinguishing between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbons
Structure of carbon and its valency
Hydrocarbon
Examples of hydrocarbons and their structure
Isomerism and examples.
Homologous series as it relates to the physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons
Distinguishing between aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon
Electrolysis (i)
Explaining the quantitative aspects of electrolysis
-Defining electrolytes (strong, weak, fused/molten, non-electrolytes), electrolytic and electrochemical cells
-Differentiating between strong and weak electrolytes
-Illustrating the electrolysis of acidified water, copper II sulphates and brines;
-Identifying factors affecting the discharge of ions during Electrolysis
-Construction of electrolytic and electrochemical cells
-Faraday’s laws of Electrolysis
-Calculating the amount of substances liberated or deposited at electrodes during electrolysis
-The uses of electrolysis in the extraction and purification of metals
Electrolysis (i)
Explaining the quantitative aspects of electrolysis
-Defining electrolytes (strong, weak, fused/molten, non-electrolytes), electrolytic and electrochemical cells
-Differentiating between strong and weak electrolytes
-Illustrating the electrolysis of acidified water, copper II sulphates and brines;
-Identifying factors affecting the discharge of ions during Electrolysis
-Construction of electrolytic and electrochemical cells
-Faraday’s laws of Electrolysis
-Calculating the amount of substances liberated or deposited at electrodes during electrolysis
-The uses of electrolysis in the extraction and purification of metals
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Defining of oxidation as the addition of oxygen removal of hydrogen;
Process of electron loss
Process of increase of oxidation number of a substance
Define reduction as the reverse of any of the above processes.
Calculating oxidation numbers of elements using a set of arbitrary rules:
(a) oxidation number of free elements = 0
(b) oxidation number of oxygen in any compound is except in peroxides where it is – 1
(c) oxidation number of H is + 1, except in hydrides where it is – 1
(d) the oxidation number of a neutral molecule or compound is zero e.g. H2SO4 =0 etc.
Use oxidation numbers to name inorganic compounds, to include the number of oxygen atom and water
molecules (if hydrated) determine the oxidation states number of common elements in their compounds
Defining of oxidizing and reducing agents in terms of addition and removal of oxygen and hydrogen respectively loss and gain of electrons change in oxidation numbers/states
Writing and balancing redox equations.
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Defining of oxidation as the addition of oxygen removal of hydrogen;
Process of electron loss
Process of increase of oxidation number of a substance
Define reduction as the reverse of any of the above processes.
Calculating oxidation numbers of elements using a set of arbitrary rules:
(a) oxidation number of free elements = 0
(b) oxidation number of oxygen in any compound is except in peroxides where it is – 1
(c) oxidation number of H is + 1, except in hydrides where it is – 1
(d) the oxidation number of a neutral molecule or compound is zero e.g. H2SO4 =0 etc.
Use oxidation numbers to name inorganic compounds, to include the number of oxygen atom and water
molecules (if hydrated) determine the oxidation states number of common elements in their compounds
Defining of oxidizing and reducing agents in terms of addition and removal of oxygen and hydrogen respectively loss and gain of electrons change in oxidation numbers/states
Writing and balancing redox equations.